Paganini Strikes Again Julie Lynn Cole

American hip hop group

Public Enemy
Public Enemy performing in 2000
Background information
Origin	Long Isle, New York, U.S.
Genres	Hip hop political hip hop East Coast hip hop hardcore hip hop progressive rap[1]
Years active	1985–nowadays
Labels	Def Jam Columbia PIAS
Associated acts	PE 2.0 The Bomb Squad Paris Beastie Boys Anthrax Young Black Teenagers Boogie Downward Productions Prophets of Rage
Website	publicenemy.com
Members	Chuck D Flavor Flav DJ Lord
Past members	Professor Griff Terminator X

Public Enemy is an American hip hop group formed by Chuck D and Season Flav on Long Isle, New York, in 1985.^{[2] [3]} The group rose to prominence for their political messages including subjects such as American racism and the American media. Their debut album, Yo! Bum Rush the Show, was released in 1987 to disquisitional acclaim, and their second album, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Dorsum (1988), was the first hip hop album to elevation The Hamlet Voice 'south Pazz & Jop critics' poll.^[4] Their next 3 albums, Fear of a Black Planet (1990), Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black (1991) and Muse Ill-n-60 minutes Mess Age (1994), were as well well received. The group has since released twelve more studio albums, including the soundtrack to the 1998 sports-drama film He Got Game and a collaborative album with Paris, Rebirth of a Nation (2006).

Public Enemy has gone through many lineup changes over the years, with Chuck D and Flavor Flav remaining the only constant members. Co-founder Professor Griff left in 1989 only rejoined in 1998, before parting ways over again some years subsequently. DJ Lord besides joined Public Enemy in 1998 as the replacement of the group's original DJ Terminator Ten. In 2020, information technology was announced that Flavour Flav had been fired from the group.^[3] His firing was later revealed to be a publicity stunt that was called an April Fools' Day prank.^{[5] [6]} Public Enemy, without Flavor Flav, would also bout and tape music under the proper noun of Public Enemy Radio which consists of the lineup of Chuck D, Jahi, DJ Lord and the S1Ws.

Public Enemy's first four albums during the belatedly 1980s and early 1990s were all certified either gold or platinum and were, according to music critic Robert Hilburn in 1998, "the nigh acclaimed body of work ever by a hip hop human action".^[seven] Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine called them "the nearly influential and radical band of their time".^[eight] They were inducted into Rock and Curlicue Hall of Fame in 2013.^[nine] They were honored with the Grammy Lifetime Accomplishment Laurels at the 62nd Grammy Awards.

History [edit]

1985–1987: Formation and early on years [edit]

Public Enemy was formed in 1985 by Carlton Ridenhour (Chuck D) and William Drayton (Flavour Flav), who met at Long Island's Adelphi University in the mid-1980s.^{[ citation needed ]} Developing his talents as an MC with Flav while delivering furniture for his father'southward concern, Chuck D and Spectrum City, as the group was called, released the record "Cheque Out the Radio", backed past "Lies", a social commentary—both of which would influence Blitz Productions' Run–D.One thousand.C. and Beastie Boys.^[x] Chuck D put out a record to promote WBAU (the radio station where he was working at the time) and to fend off a local MC who wanted to battle him. He chosen the record Public Enemy #1 because he felt like he was beingness persecuted past people in the local scene.^{[ citation needed ]} This was the first reference to the notion of a public enemy in whatever of Chuck D's songs. The single was created past Chuck D with a contribution by Season Flav, though this was earlier the group Public Enemy was officially assembled.^{[ citation needed ]} Around 1986, Bill Stephney, the former Program Director at WBAU, was approached by Sam Mulderrig, who offered Stephney a position with the label.^{[ citation needed ]} Stephney accustomed, and his first assignment was to help fledgling producer Rick Rubin sign Chuck D, whose song "Public Enemy Number I" Rubin had heard from Andre "Doctor Dré" Brown.^{[ citation needed ]}

According to the book The History of Rap Music by Cookie Lommel, "Stephney thought it was time to mesh the hard-hitting style of Run DMC with politics that addressed black youth. Chuck recruited Spectrum City, which included Hank Shocklee, his blood brother Keith Shocklee, and Eric "Vietnam" Sadler, collectively known as the Bomb Squad, to be his production team and added another Spectrum Urban center partner, Professor Griff, to become the group's Government minister of Information. With the addition of Season Flav and some other local mobile DJ named Terminator X, the group Public Enemy was born".^{[ citation needed ]} According to Chuck, The S1W, which stands for Security of the Beginning World, "represents that the black man tin exist merely as intelligent as he is strong. It stands for the fact that we're not third-world people, we're first-world people; nosotros're the original people".^[eleven] Hank Shocklee came up with the name Public Enemy based on "underdog love and their developing politics" and the idea from Def Jam staffer Bill Stephney following the Howard Beach racial incident, Bernhard Goetz, and the decease of Michael Stewart: "The Black man is definitely the public enemy."^[12]

Public Enemy started out as opening act for the Beastie Boys during the latter'due south Licensed to Ill popularity,^{[ commendation needed ]} and in 1987 released their debut album Yo! Bum Rush the Show.^{[ citation needed ]}

1987–1993: Mainstream success [edit]

Season Flav performing in Malmö in 1991.

The group's debut album, Yo! Bum Rush the Prove, was released in 1987 to critical acclaim.^{[ citation needed ]} In October 1987, music critic Simon Reynolds dubbed Public Enemy "a superlative rock band".^[13] They released their 2nd album, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Concord Us Back, in 1988, which performed better in the charts than their previous release, and included the hit unmarried "Don't Believe the Hype" in addition to "Bring the Noise".^{[ commendation needed ]} It was the first hip hop album to be voted album of the year in The Village Voice 'south influential Pazz & Jop critics' poll.^[iv]

In 1989, the group returned to the studio to tape their third album, Fear of a Black Planet, which continued their politically charged themes. The album was supposed to be released in late 1989,^[14] but was pushed back to Apr 1990.^{[ citation needed ]} It was the well-nigh successful of any of their albums and, in 2005, was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry.^{[ citation needed ]} It included the singles "Welcome to the Terrordome", written after the band was criticized by Jews for Professor Griff's anti-semitic comments, "911 Is a Joke", which criticized emergency response units for taking longer to make it at emergencies in the blackness community than those in the white community, and "Fight the Power".^[15] "Fight the Power" is regarded as one of the most popular and influential songs in hip hop history.^[16] It was the theme song of Fasten Lee's Do the Right Affair.

Chuck D. performing in Malmö in 1991

The group's fourth album, Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black, continued this trend, with songs similar "Tin can't Truss It", which addressed the history of slavery and how the black community can fight dorsum against oppression; "I Don't Wanna exist Called Yo Nigga", a runway that takes issue with the use of the give-and-take nigga exterior of its original derogatory context.^{[ citation needed ]} The album also included the controversial vocal and video "By the Time I Become to Arizona", which chronicled the blackness customs's frustration that some US states did non recognize Martin Luther King Jr.'due south altogether as a national holiday. The video featured members of Public Enemy taking out their frustrations on politicians in the states not recognizing the holiday.^[17]

In 1992, the group was ane of the first rap acts to perform at the Reading Festival in the UK, headlining the 2d day of the three-twenty-four hour period festival.^[eighteen]

1994–2019: After years and member changes [edit]

After a 1994 motorcycle accident shattered his left leg and kept him in the hospital for a total month,^{[ commendation needed ]} Terminator 10 relocated to his 15-acre farm in Vance County, N Carolina.^{[ citation needed ]} By 1998, he was ready to retire from the group and focus full-time on raising African black ostriches on his farm.^[xix] In late 1998, the group started looking for Terminator Ten's permanent replacement. Following several months of searching for a DJ, Professor Griff saw DJ Lord at a Vestax Battle and approached him about condign the DJ for Public Enemy.^[twenty] DJ Lord joined as the group'due south total-time DJ only in time for Public Enemy'southward 40th Earth Tour.^[21] Since 1999, he has been the official DJ for Public Enemy on albums and world tours while winning numerous turntablist competitions, including multiple DMC finals.^[22]

In 2007, the group released an album entitled How Y'all Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul?.^{[ citation needed ]} Public Enemy'south single from the anthology was "Harder Than Y'all Think".^{[ citation needed ]} Four years after How You lot Sell Soul ... , in Jan 2011, Public Enemy released the album Beats and Places, a compilation of remixes and "lost" tracks.^{[ citation needed ]} On July xiii, 2012, Virtually of My Heroes However Don't Appear on No Stamp was released and was exclusively available on iTunes.^{[ commendation needed ]} In July 2012, on UK idiot box an advert for the London 2012 Summer Paralympics featured a short remix of the song "Harder Than You lot Think". The advertizement caused the song to achieve No. 4^[23] in the Uk Singles Chart on September 2, 2012.^[24] On July xxx, 2012, Public Enemy performed a free concert with Salt-N-Pepa and Kid 'northward Play at Wingate Park in Brooklyn, New York as part of the Martin Luther Male monarch Jr. Concert Series.^{[ citation needed ]} On August 26, 2012, Public Enemy performed at Due south Westward Four music festival in Clapham Common in London.^{[ citation needed ]} On October 1, 2012 The Evil Empire of Everything was released.^{[ citation needed ]} On June 29, 2013, they performed at Glastonbury Festival 2013.^{[ citation needed ]} On September fourteen, 2013, they performed at Riot Fest & Funfair 2013 in Chicago, Illinois.^{[ commendation needed ]} On September xx, 2013, they performed at Riot Fest & Side Evidence in Byers, Colorado.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 2014, Chuck D launched PE 2.0 with Oakland rapper Jahi every bit a spiritual successor and "adjacent generation"^[25] of Public Enemy.^[26] Jahi met Chuck D backstage during a soundcheck at the 1999 Rock & Curl Hall of Fame and later appeared as a support act on Public Enemy'south 20th Anniversary Tour in 2007.^{[ commendation needed ]} PE 2.0's task is twofold, Jahi says, to "have select songs from the PE catalog and encompass or revisit them" as well as new cloth with members of the original Public Enemy including DJ Lord, Davy DMX, Professor Griff and Chuck D.^[27] PE ii.0's first album People Become Ready was released on October 7, 2014. InsPirEd PE 2.0'south second anthology and office two of a proposed trilogy was released a year later on on October 11, 2015.^[26] Human Plans God Laughs, Public Enemy'southward thirteenth album, was released in July 2015.^{[ commendation needed ]} On June 29, 2017, Public Enemy released their fourteenth album, Zippo Is Quick in the Desert.^{[ citation needed ]} The album was available for free download through Bandcamp until July iv, 2017.^[28]

2020–present: Controversy, Public Enemy Radio, and render to Def Jam [edit]

In late February 2020, information technology was announced that Public Enemy (billed as Public Enemy Radio) would perform at a campaign rally in Los Angeles on March 1, 2020, for Bernie Sanders, who was campaigning to exist the nominee of the Democratic Party in the 2020 presidential election.^[29] Days post-obit the announcement, Flavor Flav's lawyer Matthew Friedman issued a cease-and desist letter request the campaign to not use the group's name or logo, stating: "While Chuck is certainly gratuitous to express his political views as he sees fit — his voice alone does not speak for Public Enemy".^[30] Chuck D responded to the statement by saying: "Season chooses to dance for his money and not practise benevolent work like this. He has a year to get his deed together and get himself straight or he'southward out".^[xxx] A lawyer for Chuck D added: "Chuck could perform as Public Enemy if he ever wanted to; he is the sole owner of the Public Enemy trademark. He originally drew the logo himself in the mid-80s, is besides the creative visionary and the group's primary songwriter, having written Flavor'due south most memorable lines".^{[30] [31]}

On March 1, 2020, prior to the group'south performance at the Sanders rally, Chuck D, DJ Lord, Jahi, James Flop and Pop Diesel issued a joint statement announcing that Flavour Flav had been fired from the group, stating: "Public Enemy and Public Enemy Radio will be moving forwards without Flavor Flav. We thank him for his years of service and wish him well".^[32] The argument too claimed: "Flavor Flav has been on pause since 2016 when he was MIA from the Harry Belafonte benefit in Atlanta, Georgia. That was the last straw for the group. He had previously missed numerous live gigs from Glastonbury to Canada, anthology recording sessions and photo shoots. He always chose to party over work".^[33] On March 2, 2020, it was announced that Public Enemy Radio would be releasing the anthology Loud Is Not Plenty which was due for release in April 2020. The anthology was to feature the lineup of Chuck D, DJ Lord, Jahi and the S1Ws and according to a statement from the group it will exist "taking it dorsum to hip hop's original DJ-and-turntablist foundation".^[34]

On April 1, 2020, it was revealed Flavor Flav'south firing was a publicity stunt to gain attending and provide a commentary on disinformation, with Reuters claiming that Chuck D and Flavor Flav "concocted a simulated split to grab attention and highlight media bias towards reporting bad news about hip hop".^[5] In an interview with rapper Talib Kweli, Chuck D stated that the stunt was inspired by Orson Welles' 1938 radio drama "The War of the Worlds".^[35] In response, Season Flav tweeted: "I am not a part of your hoax" and: "There are more serious things in the world correct now than April Fool's jokes and dropping records. The world needs better than this,,,you say we are leaders so act like one".^[36]

On June 19, 2020, Public Enemy (with Flavor Flav), released the single and music video for their anti-Donald Trump song, "State of the Union (STFU)".^{[ commendation needed ]} Chuck D stated, "Our collective voices keep getting louder. The residual of the planet is on our side. But it's non enough to talk about change. You have to show upwardly and demand modify. Folks gotta vote like their lives depend on it, cause it does".^[37] In 2020, the group returned to Def Jam and released their thirteenth studio album, What You Gonna Exercise When the Grid Goes Down?, on September 25, 2020.^[38]

Legacy [edit]

Public Enemy's official logo

Public Enemy made contributions to the hip-hop world with sonic experimentation as well as political and cultural consciousness, which infused itself into skilled and poetic rhymes. Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that "PE brought in elements of costless jazz, hard funk, even musique concrète, via [its] producing team the Bomb Squad, creating a dense, ferocious sound dissimilar annihilation that came before."^{[39] [twoscore]} Public Enemy held a strong, pro-black, political stance. Earlier PE, politically motivated hip-hop was defined by a few tracks past Ice-T, Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, Kurtis Blow and Boogie Downward Productions. Other politically motivated opinions were shared past prototypical artists Gil Scott-Heron and the Last Poets. PE was a revolutionary hip-hop act whose entire prototype rested on a specified political stance. With the successes of Public Enemy, many hip-hop artists began to celebrate Afrocentric themes, such equally Kool Moe Dee, Gang Starr, X Clan, Eric B. & Rakim, Queen Latifah, the Jungle Brothers, and A Tribe Called Quest.

Public Enemy was one of the starting time hip-hop groups to practise well internationally. PE changed the Cyberspace's music distribution capability by beingness 1 of the first groups to release MP3-simply albums,^[41] a format virtually unknown at the time.

Public Enemy helped to create and define "rap metallic" by collaborating with Living Colour in 1988 ("Funny Vibe"), with Sonic Youth on the 1990 song "Kool Affair", and with New York thrash metal outfit Anthrax in 1991. The single "Bring the Dissonance" was a mix of semi-militant black ability lyrics, grinding guitars, and desultory humor. The two bands, cemented by a mutual respect and the personal friendship between Chuck D and Anthrax'due south Scott Ian, introduced a hitherto conflicting genre to rock fans, and the two seemingly disparate groups toured together. Flavor Flav's pronouncement on phase that "They said this tour would never happen" (as heard on Anthrax's Live: The Island Years CD) has become a legendary comment in both rock and hip-hop circles. Metal guitarist Vernon Reid (of Living Color) contributed to Public Enemy's recordings, and PE sampled Slayer's "Affections of Death" one-half-time riff on "She Watch Channel Goose egg?!"

Members of the Bomb Squad produced or remixed works for other acts, like Bell Biv DeVoe, Water ice Cube, Vanessa Williams, Sinéad O'Connor, Blue Magic, Peter Gabriel, L.L. Absurd J, Paula Abdul, Jasmine Guy, Jody Watley, Eric B & Rakim, Third Bass, Big Daddy Kane, EPMD, and Chaka Khan. According to Chuck D, "We had tight dealings with MCA Records and were talking nearly taking three guys that were left over from New Edition and coming upwards with an album for them. The three happened to be Ricky Bell, Michael Bivins, and Ronnie DeVoe, later to become Bell Biv DeVoe. Ralph Tresvant had been slated to do a solo album for years, Bobby Dark-brown had left New Edition and experienced some solo success beginning in 1988, and Johnny Gill had simply been recruited to come in, merely [he] had come off a solo career and could always go back to that. At MCA, Hiram Hicks, who was their manager, and Louil Silas, who was running the testify, were like, 'Yo, these kids were left out in the cold. Can you come up with something for them?' It was a task that Hank, Keith, Eric, and I took on to try to put some kind of hip-hop-flavored R&B shit down for them. After, what happened in the iv weeks of Dec [1989] was that the Bomb Squad knocked out a large piece of the production and system on Bong Biv DeVoe'due south 3-million selling album Toxicant. In Jan [1990], they knocked out Fearfulness of a Black Planet in four weeks, and PE knocked out Ice Cube's album AmeriKKKa'southward Most Wanted in iv to five weeks in February."^[42] They take also produced local talent such as Son of Bazerk, Young Blackness Teenagers, Kings of Pressure level, and Truthful Mathematics—and gave producer Kip Collins his beginning in the business organization.

Poet and hip-hop artist Saul Williams uses a sample from Public Enemy's "Welcome to the Terrordome" in his vocal "Tr[n]igger" on the Niggy Tardust album. He also used a line from the song in his poem, amethyst rocks.

The Manic Street Preachers rail "Repeat (Stars And Stripes)" is a remix of the band's ain anti-monarchy tirade by Public Enemy production team The Flop Squad of whom James Dean Bradfield and Richey Edwards were big fans. The song samples "Countdown to Armageddon" from It Takes a Nation of Millions to Concur Us Back. The band had previously sampled Public Enemy on their 1991 single Motown Junk.

The revolutionary influence of the band is seen throughout hip-hop and is recognized in society and politics. The band "rewrote the rules of hip-hop", changing the prototype, audio and bulletin forever.^{[43] [44]} Pro-blackness lyrics brought political and social themes to hardcore hip hop, with stirring ideas of racial equality, and retribution against police brutality, aimed at disenfranchised blacks, but highly-seasoned to all the poor and underrepresented.^{[45] [46]} Earlier Public Enemy, hip hop music was seen as "throwaway entertainment", with trite sexist and homophobic lyrics.^[47] Public Enemy brought social relevance and strength to hip hop. They likewise brought black activist Louis Farrakhan to greater popularity, and they gave impetus to the Million Human being March in 1995.^[48]

The influence of the ring goes too beyond hip-hop in a unique^{[ citation needed ]} way, indeed the group was cited every bit an influence by artists as various as Autechre (selected in the All Tomorrow's Parties in 2003), Nirvana (It Takes a Nation of Millions to Concord Us Back being cited by Kurt Cobain among his favorite albums), Moby (also selected It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back as one of his favourite albums),^[49] Nine Inch Nails (mentioned the band in Pretty Detest Machine credits), Björk (included Rebel Without a Pause in her The Breezeblock Mix in July 2007), Tricky (did a cover of Blackness Steel in the Hour of Anarchy and appears in Do You Wanna Get Our Way ??? video), The Prodigy (included Public Enemy No. 1 in The Dirtchamber Sessions Book 1), Ben Harper, Underground Resistance (cited past both Mad Mike and Jeff Mills), Orlando Voorn, M.I.A., Amon Tobin, Mathew Jonson, Aphex Twin (Welcome To The Terrordome being the first runway played after the introduction at the Coachella Festival in April 2008), Rage Confronting the Machine (sampling the rails in their song "Renegades of Funk"), Porcupine Tree'due south Fright of a Blank Planet, and My Bloody Valentine who was influenced past the Bomb Squad'due south production for their sound.^[50]

Controversy [edit]

Martin Luther King Day [edit]

The 1991 vocal "Past the Time I Get to Arizona" from Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black referenced the controversy a year before when Arizona cancelled a land holiday for Martin Luther King Jr., and the NFL switched Super Bowl XXVII from Arizona to California, costing the country an estimated loss of over $100 million.^{[51] [52]} A video of "By the Time I Become to Arizona", which was shown simply once on MTV, depicted Chuck D killing Arizona officials with car guns and a automobile flop.^[53]

Anti-Semitism [edit]

In 1989, in an interview with Public Enemy for the Washington Times, the interviewing journalist, David Mills, lifted some quotations from a Britain magazine in which the band were asked their opinion on the Arab–Israeli conflict. Professor Griff commented that "Jews are responsible for the majority of the wickedness in the world" (p. 177), a quote from The International Jew. Soon after, Chuck D expressed an amends on his behalf.^[54] At a June 21, 1989, press conference, Chuck D announced Griff'south dismissal from the group,^[54] and a June 28 statement by Russell Simmons, president of Def Jam Recordings and Rush Artists Management, stated that Chuck D. had disbanded Public Enemy "for an indefinite period of time".^[55] Past August 10, however, Chuck D denied that he had disbanded the group, and stated that Griff had been re-hired every bit "Supreme Allied Principal of Community Relations" (in contrast to his previous position with the group as Minister of Information).^[54] Griff later denied property anti-Semitic views and apologized for the remarks.^[56] Several people who had worked with Public Enemy expressed business about Chuck D'southward leadership abilities and role as a social spokesman.^[57]

In his 2009 book, entitled Analytixz,^[58] Griff criticized his 1989 statement: "to say the Jews are responsible for the bulk of wickedness that went on around the world I would have to know about the majority of wickedness that went on around the world, which is incommunicable ... I'one thousand not the best knower. Then, not only knowing that, I would have to know who is at the crux of all of the issues in the world and then arraign Jewish people, which is not correct." Griff also said that not simply were his words taken out of context, only that the recording has never been released to the public for an unbiased mind.

The controversy and apologies on behalf of Griff spurred Chuck D to reference the negative press they were receiving. In 1990, Public Enemy issued the single "Welcome to the Terrordome", which contains the lyrics: "Crucifixion ain't no fiction / Then-chosen chosen frozen / Apologies made to whoever pleases / Still they got me like Jesus". These lyrics have been cited by some in the media every bit anti-Semitic, making supposed references to the concept of the "called people" with the lyric "so-called chosen" and Jewish deicide with the last line.^[59]

In 1999 the group released an album entitled There's a Poison Goin' On. The title of the last song on the anthology is called "Swindler'southward Animalism". The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) claimed that the title of the song was a word play on the title of the Steven Spielberg movie Schindler's List nigh the genocide of Jews in World War Two.^[60] Similarly in 2000 a Public Enemy spin off group under the proper name Confrontation Camp, a name according to the ADL, that is a pun on the term concentration army camp, released an album.^[61] The group consisted of Kyle Jason, Chuck D (under the name Mistachuck) and Professor Griff.

Homophobia [edit]

Fear of a Black Planet's "Meet the Grand That Killed Me" described propagation of HIV. Upon its 1990 release, New York Times writer Peter Watrous criticized the song's lyrics equally containing "stupidly crude" homophobia.^[62] Zoe Williams defended Public Enemy against charges of homophobia, citing the aforementioned passage equally Watrous:

If you wait at the seminal blackness artists at the start of hip-hop, Public Enemy and Niggaz Wit Attitudes, yous won't actually find much homophobia. The just recorded homophobic lyric in Public Enemy's canon was: 'Homo to homo/ I don't know if they can/ From what I know/ The parts don't fit' (a lyric from "Meet the M that Killed Me" on Fright of a Black Planet").

—Williams, Zoe, "Hiphopophobia", The Guardian, 29 April 2003

Group members [edit]

Current members [edit]

• Chuck D (Carlton D. Ridenhour) – MC
• Flavor Flav (William J. Drayton, Jr.) – Hype human, multi-instrumentalist
• Khari Wynn – lead guitars, music director, MD, AMD
• DJ Lord (Lord Aswod) – DJ
• Davy DMX (David Franklin Reeves Jr.) – bass
• T-Os Motta – drums, percussion
• S1W
  • Brother James (James Norman)
  • Brother Roger (Roger Chillous)
  • Brother Mike (Michael Williams)
  • James Bomb (James Allen)
  • The Interrogator (Shawn K. Carter)
  • Big Casper (Tracy D. Walker)
  • Pop Diesel fuel (sometimes spelt Popp Diezel)

Former members [edit]

• Terminator 10 (Norman Rogers) – DJ, Producer
• Professor Griff (Richard Griffin) – Government minister of Information
• DJ Johnny "Juice" Rosado – DJ, Scratching, Turntablist, Producer
• Sis Souljah (Lisa Williamson) – Minister of Data (took over Richard Griffin's place when Griffin left group)
• Brian Hardgroove – bass, guitars
• Michael Faulkner – drums, percussion
• S1W
  • Jacob "Big Jake" Shankle
• The Bomb Team
  • Hank Shocklee (James Hank Boxley III) *original member
  • Keith Shocklee (Keith Boxley) *original member
  • Eric "Vietnam" Sadler *original member
  • Gary G-Wiz (Gary Rinaldo) (took Eric Sadler'southward place when Sadler left group)

Discography [edit]

Studio albums [edit]

• Yo! Bum Rush the Prove (1987)
• It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Dorsum (1988)
• Fearfulness of a Blackness Planet (1990)
• Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Blackness (1991)
• Muse Ill-n-Hour Mess Age (1994)
• At that place's a Poison Goin' On (1999)
• Revolverlution (2002)
• New Whirl Odor (2005)
• How You Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul? (2007)
• Most of My Heroes Still Don't Appear on No Stamp (2012)
• The Evil Empire of Everything (2012)
• Human being Plans God Laughs (2015)
• Cipher Is Quick in the Desert (2017)
• Loud Is Not Enough (2020) (released nether the name Public Enemy Radio)
• What You Gonna Practise When the Filigree Goes Downward? (2020)

Collaboration albums [edit]

• Rebirth of a Nation with Paris (2006)

Soundtrack albums [edit]

• He Got Game (1998)

Awards and nominations [edit]

Grammy Awards [edit]

^[63]

Year	Nominated work	Award	Result
1990	"Fight the Power"	All-time Rap Performance past a Duo or Group	Nominated
1991	Fearfulness of a Black Planet	Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Grouping	Nominated
1992	Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black	Best Rap Functioning by a Duo or Group	Nominated
1993	Greatest Misses	All-time Rap Functioning by a Duo or Group	Nominated
1995	"Bring the Dissonance" (with Anthrax)	Best Metal Performance	Nominated

American Music Awards [edit]

Twelvemonth	Nominated work	Award	Result
1989	Information technology Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back	Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album	Nominated
1991	Fear of a Black Planet	Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album	Nominated
1992	Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black	Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Anthology	Nominated

Stone and Roll Hall of Fame [edit]

Public Enemy was inducted into the Rock and Coil Hall of Fame in 2013.

References [edit]

1. ^ Pinn, Anthony (2005). "Rap Music and Its Message". In Forbes, Bruce; Mahan, Jeffrey H. (eds.). Religion and Popular Culture in America. University of California Press. p. 262. ISBN9780520932579 . Retrieved March 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
2. ^ "Season of the month". TheGuardian.com . Retrieved September 26, 2019.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Public Enemy is 'moving forward without Flavour Flav' later on Bernie Sanders rally dispute". United states of america Today . Retrieved March 6, 2020.
4. ^ ^{a b} McCombs, Joseph (December xi, 2012). "Decking the Hall: The Rock and Curl Hall of Fame's New Members – Public Enemy". Time. New York. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
5. ^ ^{a b} "Public Enemy separate with Flavour Flav was a hoax, grouping now says". Reuters. April 1, 2020.
6. ^ "On April Fools' Day, Public Enemy reveals Season Flav'due south firing was a hoax". Los Angeles Times. April 1, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
7. ^ Hilburn, Robert (July 5, 1998). "Is Anyone Out There Really Listening?". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 11, 2013.
8. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Public Enemy - Biography & History". AllMusic . Retrieved March 4, 2017.
9. ^ "Public Enemy, Rush, Heart, Donna Summer to be inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". EW.com . Retrieved July xvi, 2018.
10. ^ Chang 2005, pp. 239, 241-242.
11. ^ Chuck D. and Yusuf Jah, Fight the Power, p. 82.
12. ^ Chang 2005, p. 247.
13. ^ Reynolds, Simon. "Public Enemy", Melody Maker, Oct 17, 1987.
14. ^ SPIN - Google Books. September 1989. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
15. ^ "Canadian Music - HuffPost Canada". music.aol.ca . Retrieved April 19, 2014.
16. ^ Lee, Spike. "Anarchism on the Set: How Public Enemy Crafted the Anthem 'Fight the Power'". rollingstone.com, June 30, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2017
17. ^ "Public Enemy Look Dorsum at 20 Years of 'By the Time I Become to Arizona'". Spin Magazine. SpinMedia. Nov 10, 2011.
18. ^ Azerrad, Michael (Oct 29, 1992). "Nirvana, Public Enemy, Beastie Boys Cross the Swimming for Reading Fest". Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 25, 2021. {{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
19. ^ "My Ostrich Weighs a Ton". Vibe. March 1998.
20. ^ "Dj Lord of the battle". In the Mix. June iv, 2002.
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Bibliography [edit]

• Chang, Jeff (2005). Tin't End Won't Finish: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation . New York: Picador. ISBN0312425791.
• Chuck D: Lyrics of a Rap Revolutionary, Off Da Books, 2007 ISBN 0-9749484-1-1
• Chuck D with Yusuf Jah, Fight the Ability, Delacorte Press, 1997 ISBN 0-385-31868-5
• Fuck Yous Heroes, Glen E. Friedman Photographs 1976–1991, Called-for Flags Press, 1994, ISBN 0-9641916-0-one
• Serpick, Evan. "Public Enemy Look Back at 20 Years of 'By the Time I Get to Arizona'." Spin. Spin, Nov 10, 2011. Web.
• White, Miles. Race, Rap and the performance of Mascinity in American Pop Culture. 2011. University of Illinois. Urbana. ISBN 978-0-252-07832-iii

External links [edit]

• Public Enemy discography at Discogs
• Videos

shultsfancessid.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy

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